{"id":2941,"date":"2022-02-03T10:15:47","date_gmt":"2022-02-03T09:15:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/?p=2941"},"modified":"2022-08-24T10:16:49","modified_gmt":"2022-08-24T09:16:49","slug":"on-retro-computing-sinclair-zx81-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/?p=2941","title":{"rendered":"On retro-computing: Sinclair ZX81"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>My <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/?p=2853\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Previous<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/?p=2897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posts<\/a> on reto-computing were dealing with emulating old 8-bit and 16-bit computers and consoles. That&#8217;s is what indeed triggered a bit of retro-gaming and retro-computing addiction. And, of course, like any addiction, I wanted more !<\/p>\n<p>So it was time to go one step further, with the <strong>real stuff: <\/strong>sourcing old computers and giving them a new life, just for the fun of it !<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2854\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/quantum-retrocomputing-pixels.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/quantum-retrocomputing-pixels.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/quantum-retrocomputing-pixels-300x158.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">tHE RETRO-COMPUTING COMMUNITY<\/span><\/p>\n<p>I have been <del>using<\/del> messing with computers, software and networks for over 40 years now. I have been contributing (unfortunately less and less actively) to various open-source projects for 30 years. For more than 20 years, I have been happily working in the IT sector. I held various positions as Consultant, CTO, IT expert, Senior Security &amp; Architect Lead, and now <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dawex.com\/en\/about\/leadership-team\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">VP Technology &amp; Research<\/a>. I had the chance to explore a wide variety of IT subjects, from software design up to quantum computing and data marketplaces.<\/p>\n<p>From my days as a particle physicist, I have a some basic electronics knowledge and did quite a bit of soldering while building and experimenting with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PHENIX_detector\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high energy muon spectrometers<\/a> in the late 90&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p>But &#8230; <strong>I am no hardware expert<\/strong> !<\/p>\n<p>So before going any further, I took a look at the <strong>retro-computing community<\/strong> materials. I grew quite fond of this community, learning from their videos and skills. I started preparing myself, read a few books, bought the necessary tools and started building a proper bench.<\/p>\n<p>Here are the people I follow the most:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RMC &#8211; The Cave<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/RMCRetro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/RMCRetro<\/a> (and its related <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rmcretro.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">site<\/a> &amp; channels: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC68FLUN8heIutgNomU00lfQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RMC Extra Caverns<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/ThisWeekinRetro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">This Week in Retro<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mark Fixes Stuff<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/markfixesstuff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/markfixesstuff<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Jan Beta<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/JanBeta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/JanBeta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/janbeta.net\/videos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/janbeta.net\/videos\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Adrian&#8217;s Digital Basement<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/adriansdigitalbasement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/adriansdigitalbasement<\/a> (as well as his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCbtwi4wK1YXd9AyV_4UcE6g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second channel<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Noel&#8217;s Retro Lab<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/NoelsRetroLab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/NoelsRetroLab<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/noelsretrolab.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/noelsretrolab.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Mr Lurch&#8217;s Things<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MrLurchsThings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/MrLurchsThings<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mrlurch.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/mrlurch.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>ctr-alt-rees<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/ctrlaltrees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/ctrlaltrees<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ctrl-alt-rees.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/ctrl-alt-rees.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For french speaking nerds:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rodrik Studio<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/RodrikStudio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/RodrikStudio<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">sOURCING A SINCLAIR ZX81<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Where to start ? I thought I should begin with the very first micro-computer I actually touched and used (at a friend&#8217;s, I did not own one myself): a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZX81\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sinclair ZX81<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>I started hunting for one. One not too expensive. One &#8230; not too much broken. I am not very familiar with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eBay<\/a> and auctions, so I settled for something easier and maybe more &#8220;local&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leboncoin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leboncoin<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>After a couple of weeks, I found a nice one: a ZX81 in good conditions, in its original polystyrene box. It was sold with cables, PSU, a manual, ads, a few cassettes, a third party keyboard, a 16K RAM expansion, an A.G.R. dual joysticks port expansion, and a ZX Printer (in its original polystyrene box, along with its PSU and 3 rolls of aluminum-coated paper).<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>vintage treasure<\/strong>, for less than 150 \u20ac including shipment ! Deal was done in a matter of hours. Nice.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">uNBOXING<\/span><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I received the package about a week later, and unboxed it almost right away, starting with the polystyrene box that protected its majesty, the ZX81:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2943\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/package-zx80.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/package-zx80.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/package-zx80-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/package-zx80-768x462.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Please, note that in this post, I will concentrate on the ZX81 itself, as I haven&#8217;t yet worked on the printer, the PSUs nor the expansions.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2948\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-start.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-start.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-start-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-start-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-start-285x214.jpg 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">oPENING UP THE ZX81<\/span><\/p>\n<p>I set up my bench, a bit nervous at the idea of opening the chest of this little vintage fellow:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2951\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-1.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-bench-1-285x214.jpg 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Everything looked very good from the outside. Just a bit of dirt, and the distinctive smell of objects stored for a long time, maybe in a garage. No signs of corrosion though.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s dig in ! First, let&#8217;s flip the ZX81. Then carefully remove and store the 3 rubber feet as well as the 5 screws:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2954\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step1.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step1-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step1-768x374.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Next, let&#8217;s separate the top and the bottom parts of the case with a plastic opening tool (I like the ones from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifixit.com\/Store\/Tools\/Prying_and_Opening\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ifixit<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2958\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step2.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step2-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step2-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2960\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step3.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step3-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step3-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Almost no dust inside, and no signs of corrosion. I must say I was very pleased !<\/p>\n<p>Now it is time to remove the 2 screws from the PCB. <strong>But don&#8217;t remove yet the PCB from the case<\/strong> ! The PCB is still attached, <strong>underneath,<\/strong> to the <strong>keyboard<\/strong> <strong>ribbons<\/strong>. As time passes, these ribbons become very very <strong>fragile<\/strong> !<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2964\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step4.png 849w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step4-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step4-768x374.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Gently lift the PCB. You will see a pair of very thin ribbon cables, connecting the keyboard membrane to the PCB. You can grip them close to the connectors, and, very slowly, pull them free. Be careful during this step, the ribbons can break apart very easily.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2966\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step5.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step5-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step5-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step5-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2967\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step6..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step6..png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step6.-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step6.-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-step6.-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mine were in very good conditions, and with the help of some sort of miracle (I can be quite clumsy&#8230;), I didn&#8217;t break them.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, it is easy to find brand new replacement keyboard membranes, for example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>from <strong>ZX Renew (UK)<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/zxrenew.co.uk\/Sinclair-ZX81-Membrane-p102352920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/zxrenew.co.uk\/Sinclair-ZX81-Membrane-p102352920<\/a><\/li>\n<li>from <strong>Sintech (DE)<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sintech-shop.de\/en\/zx81-keyboard-membrane\/a-7626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.sintech-shop.de\/en\/zx81-keyboard-membrane\/a-7626<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I took the bottom part of the case and gave it a nice soapy bath. Then I used an anti-static cleaner. I cleaned the top part gently with soapy water and a toothbrush, then with the anti-static cleaner and a micro-fiber cloth.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2968\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-clean-antistatic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-clean-antistatic.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-clean-antistatic-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-clean-antistatic-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-clean-antistatic-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">tHE ZX81 PCB<\/span><\/p>\n<p>There have been 3 revisions of the Sinclair ZX81 PCB. Mine is revision <strong>one<\/strong>. You can tell by looking at the traces on the board: issue 1 traces are curvy, whereas 2 and 3 are straight lines. You can also &#8230; just read the &#8220;ISSUE ONE&#8221; markings next to the microprocessor (not sure it is explicitly written on the other revisions).<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s have a more detailed look at the PCB:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2970\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-arrows.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-arrows.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-arrows-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-arrows-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-arrows-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>What immediately stroked me is how remarkably simple the board is, with very few IC&#8217;s. It is built around:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Microprocessor<\/strong>: the Sinclair ZX81 uses a 3.25Mhz <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zilog_Z80\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zilog Z80<\/a> 8-bit microprocessor. The one used here is socketed. It was manufactured by SGS (<i>Societ\u00e0 Generale Semiconduttori<\/i>), a former Italian company now merged into the French-Italian semiconductors manufacturer <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/STMicroelectronics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STMicroelectronics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>RAM<\/strong>: the ZX81 had 1Kb of integrated RAM. This memory is provided by either one 4418 chip or two 2218 chips. Here a socketed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mostek\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mostek<\/a> (now part of STMicroelectronics) MK4418 chip is used (thus the empty location labelled IC4b, right under the MK4418)<\/li>\n<li><strong>ROM<\/strong>: the board uses a Mostek MK36809N 8Kb ROM chip, storing the BASIC interpreter<\/li>\n<li><strong>ULA (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gate_array\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Uncommitted Logic Array<\/a>)<\/strong>: it uses a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferranti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ferranti<\/a> ULA 2C184E on which was squeezed a lot of functions, like keyboard activity, display management and processing audio signals used for saving and retrieving data from cassettes. It can get uncomfortably warm during usage<\/li>\n<li><strong>TV Output Modulator<\/strong>: the board uses an ASTEC International UM 1233 RF Modulator to generate signals for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UHF_television_broadcasting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UHF<\/a> Televisions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Voltage regulator<\/strong>: the board uses a 7805 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voltage_regulator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">voltage regulator<\/a> manufactured by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NEC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NEC<\/a>. It is coupled to a metal square heat sink, as the regulator would get often rather hot<\/li>\n<li><strong>Keyboard connectors<\/strong>: the ZX81 is equipped with a (quite horrible to use) membrane keyboard, connected to the PCB via two connectors<\/li>\n<li><strong>Connectors<\/strong>: on the side of the case are located (from left to right) the RF modulator TV Output antenna connector, EAR and MIC connectors (to be connected to a tape recorder), and a 9V DC power jack. Finally, at the back of the case (top\/left on the picture) lies a connector slot for expansions (RAM expansion, printer, &#8230;)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The Sinclair ZX81 was available pre-assembled, but it was also sold as a cheaper kit version, to be assembled. Here is the a copy of the original <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-kit-manual.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ZX81 Assembly Instructions [PDF]<\/a>, with a list of components and a few schematics:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2976\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/kit-manual.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"923\" height=\"831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/kit-manual.png 923w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/kit-manual-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/kit-manual-768x691.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">iNSPECTING AND CLEANING THE BOARD<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The back of the PCB was pretty clean. I inspected it for corrosion, cracks and dry solder joints, then cleaned it with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isopropyl_alcohol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">IPA<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2981\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-back.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-back.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-back-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-pcb-back-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I opened up the RF modulator box, and inspected it for mods. ZX81&#8217;s are often modified to add <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composite_video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">composite video<\/a>, which helps connecting them to a modern TV with no RF input. None were found:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2982\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-rf.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-rf.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-rf-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-rf-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Then I had a look at the radial <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrolytic_capacitor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electrolytic capacitors<\/a>, since they tend to fail and leak as time passes, damaging the board. They all looked nice, though I would be reassured to replace them, and thus expanding the lifetime of my new little buddy:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2980\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-ecap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-ecap.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-ecap-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-ecap-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I cleaned the front side of the PCB with IPA and used a contact cleaner, especially insisting on the ribbon connectors:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2979\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-cleaning.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-cleaning.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-cleaning-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-cleaning-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I finished the job by cleaning the expansion slot connector with a toothbrush.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: zx81;\">wRAPPING UP THINGS AND NEXT STEPS<\/span><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It was time to wrap things up, at least for these first baby steps. I carefully reassembled the ZX81, now all inspected, cleaned up, shiny and smelling good:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2987\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-wrapup.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-wrapup.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-wrapup-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-wrapup-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-wrapup-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Next steps ?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cleaning and inspecting the 16K RAM expansion, the joysticks expansion, printer and PSUs (I will probably won&#8217;t use them, and use a modern ones instead)<\/li>\n<li>Recapping the board with new electrolytic capacitors<\/li>\n<li>(maybe) Adding composite video<\/li>\n<li>Testing !<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2986\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-recap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-recap.png 850w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-recap-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-recap-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/zx81-recap-285x214.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I ordered and received a bunch of components for the next steps.<\/p>\n<p>But, in the meantime, I sourced and bought a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZX_Spectrum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sinclair ZX Spectrum<\/strong><\/a>, which will be the subject of the next post &#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>My Previous posts on reto-computing were dealing with emulating old 8-bit and 16-bit computers and consoles. That&#8217;s is what indeed triggered a bit of retro-gaming and retro-computing addiction. And, of &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2948,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2941"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2941"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2941\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.quantum-bits.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}